We often hear about the physical benefits of exercise – how it strengthens our bodies, reduces the risk of diseases, protects from cognitive declines, and improves overall health. But what about its impact on mental health? Research has shown that there is a strong association between physical activity and positive mental well-being, highlighting the many ways in which exercise can boost mood, reduce stress, and contribute to a healthier mind.
The Research Behind Exercise and Mental Health
Studies exploring the relationship between exercise and mental health have revealed interesting findings. For instance, research involving individuals with depression has shown that combining behavioural activation with exercise can alleviate symptoms of fatigue, increase energy levels, and enhance motivation. What this tells us is that although it may seem counter intuitive, sometimes doing more or getting more physically active (to a point!) can give us more energy rather than tiring us out.
Large-scale studies have also corroborated these findings. One study involving over 1.2 million American adults found that those who exercised regularly reported fewer poor mental health days compared to non-exercisers. The most significant benefits were observed in individuals who engaged in moderate exercise three to five times per week. Participation in team-based sports emerged as particularly beneficial, emphasizing the positive impact of social interactions during physical activity on mental well-being. Similar results have been reported in research conducted with adolescents, both in terms of promoting mental well-being, and in supporting recovery from emerging mental health difficulties.
Why Does Exercise Support Mental Health?
Several mechanisms explain the mental health benefits of exercise:
- Neurotransmitter Regulation: Exercise acts as a catalyst for our brain’s chemical messengers, known as neurotransmitters. It triggers the release of endorphins, often referred to as the body’s natural painkillers, which not only reduce pain perception but also through increased serotonin promote feelings of pleasure and well-being.
- Stress Response and Cortisol Regulation: Research has indicated that major depression and/or anxiety may be associated with a chronically elevated stress hormone called cortisol. Exercise has been reported to act as a natural stress reliever by modulating the body’s stress response system and reducing cortisol levels.
- Sleep Quality Improvement: Adequate and restful sleep is essential for optimal cognitive function and emotional resilience. Exercise has been consistently linked to improved sleep quality. By enhancing sleep patterns exercise indirectly supports mental health by reducing fatigue, insulating from daily stress, and supporting resilience.
- Psychological Factors: Engaging in regular exercise not only benefits our physical health but also helps promote positive self-esteem and self-efficacy. Physical activity, regardless of intensity, has been shown to boost self-esteem by promoting positive body image, feelings of accomplishment, and mastery of physical skills. As individuals witness improvements in their fitness levels and overall health, they often experience a sense of empowerment and increased self-efficacy, leading to a more positive self-perception.
- Social Outlets and Community Engagement: Exercise isn’t just about physical exertion—it also provides valuable opportunities for social interaction and community engagement. Participating in group fitness classes, team sports, community runs, or walking clubs fosters social connections, reduces feelings of isolation, and strengthens social support networks.
How to Harness Exercise to Support Your Mental Health
Research has consistently shown that engaging in any form of exercise is better than not exercising at all. Not only this, but when our mood and energy feels low, this is when we might benefit from moving our bodies the most. Participating in team sports or social exercise settings, such as running groups or social soccer leagues, offers added benefits beyond physical fitness, including social connections that contribute significantly to mental wellness. Other sports that have been linked with increased levels of mental well-being include cycling, gym workouts, and aerobic exercises. When considering the frequency and duration of exercise, research has indicated that three to five sessions per week, with each session lasting between 30 to 60 minutes, is associated with increased well-being. This balance in frequency and duration allows for consistent and sustainable engagement while also allowing time for recovery.
Recognising Warning Signs
While exercise is generally beneficial for mental health, it’s important to be mindful of potential warning signs indicating unhealthy exercise behaviours. Excessive exercise, obsessive focus on physical appearance, or using exercise as an avoidance strategy for emotional distress can signal underlying mental health issues. Difficulties associated with this can include eating disorders or body dysmorphia. It’s crucial to maintain a balanced approach to exercise, incorporating rest, proper nutrition, and seeking professional support if exercise habits become detrimental to overall well-being.
Take Home Points
Research has indicated that exercise is a useful tool for promoting mental health and well-being for adults and adolescents. Exercise can have a positive influence on factors associated with mental well-being such as brain chemistry, stress response, sleep patterns, self-perception, and social connections. While compelling evidence underscores the multiple benefits of physical activity and exercise on both physical and mental health, it’s important to note that exercise is not a “cure all” for mental health challenges. It should not and cannot replace professional psychological or psychiatric care. Rather, we should view exercise as a valuable strategy to support general mental well-being and a useful tool to complement existing holistic therapeutic approaches.
How do I make an appointment with one of your psychologists?
You can contact us by email on hello@vivamus.me, give us a call on 04 4403844, or WhatsApp us on 058 506 4243.
Dr. Shane Mulligan, Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychologist
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